动词就是用来表示动作或状态的词汇。基本上每个完整的句子都有一个动词,下面小编告诉你英语中动词的分类及用法,大家一起来看看吧!
英语中动词的分类及用法:
■及物动词与不及物动词
根据后面是否带宾语,行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词(vt. ) 后面要跟宾语,不及物动词(vi. ) 不跟宾语。如:
They study hard. 他们勤奋学习。(study后没有宾语,是不及物动词)
I know them well. 我很了解他们。(know后有宾语them,是及物动词)
注:有的动词既可作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。如:
She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing是不及物动词)
She sang an English song just now. 她刚才唱了一首英文歌。(sing是及物动词)
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■动态动词和静态动词
根据词义特点,行为动词可分为动态动词和静态动词。动态动词表示动作,如give, take, work, run等;静态动词表示感觉、情感、内心世界、相互关系等,如know, live, lie, exist, be, have, mean, seem, appear, sound, prove, concerns, hate, dislike, like, love, prefer, surprise, astonish, satisfy, contain, include, matter depend on, belong to, guess, suppose,imagine, believe, doubt, admire, envy等。
■延续性动词和非延续性动词
根据动作是否延续,行为动词又分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。如rain, live, work, learn等是延续性动词,go, come, leave, start, arrive, join, finish, end等是非延续性动词。
注:非延续性动词在肯定句中通常不与表示时间段连用的for短语连用。如:
[译]他离开这里三天了。
[误]He has left here for three days.
[正]He has been away from here for three days.
[正]He left here three days ago.
[正]It’s three days since he left.
■限定动词与非限定动词
限定动词在句中作谓语,有人称和数的变化。非限定动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种,在句中不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化(详见非谓语动词一章) 。如:
The room needs cleaning. 这房间需要清洁了。(needs在句中用谓语,是限定动词;cleaning是动名词作needs的宾语,属非限定动词)
pay的用法与搭配:
1. 用作动词,表示付钱给(某人),其宾语通常是人或钱,或以这两者为双宾语。如:
I paid him. 我给他付了钱。
I paid 100 dollars. 我付了100美元。
I paid him 100 dollars.=I paid 100 dollars to him. 我给他付了100美元。
注意,bill(账),debt(债),fine(罚款),rent(租金),tax(税),wage(工资),school fees(学费)等也属于钱的范畴,所以也用 pay。如:
Have you paid the electricity bill yet? 你付电费了吗?
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2. 表示“因……而付钱”,一般后接介词 for。如:
How much did you pay for your new car? 你花多少钱买的新车?
We pay 200 dollars a week to our landlord. 我们每个星期付给房东200美元。
pay for 有时可引申指为某种过失而付出代价。如:
John paid dearly for his mistake. 约翰为自己的错误付出了很大的代价。
3. 表示付钱叫某人做某事,可用于pay sb (some money) to do sth。如:
I’ll pay you $10 to clean the car. 我将给你10 美元来清洗我的车。
4. 有时用作不及物动词,表示“有利可图”“有好处”“有利益”等。如:
The shop closed because it didn’t pay. 该店因不赚钱而关闭。
Crime doesn’t pay. 犯罪是得不偿失的。
5. 用于以下习语:
(1) pay back 偿还(借款);报复
Have you paid (me) back the money you owe me yet? 你向我借的钱还(给我)了吗?
He paid me back by not coming. 他以不来向我报复。
(2) pay off 还清(债务等);获得成功。如:
He expects to pay all his debts off shortly. 他预计不久就能还清全部欠债。
His hard work paid off when he got the promotion. 他得到了提升,他努力工作没有白费。
hate的语法与惯用法:
1. 表示“不喜欢”“不愿意”等,其后可接不定式或动名词,含义大致相同。如:
I hate to be interrupted [being interrupted]. 我对在讲话中被打断很反感。
Some people hate working [to work] in the early morning. 有些人不爱在清晨工作。
根据情况其后不定式或动名词可以带逻辑主语。如:
I hate young people smoking [to smoke]. 我讨厌年轻人抽烟。
表示具体的某一次动作,或表示还未发生的动作,可能用不定式的情形较多,但动名词依然是可能的。如:
I hate to say it, but you are mistaken. 我很不愿这样说,但你的确错了。
I hate (having) to tell you this, but I’ve damaged your car. 我真不想告诉你,我把你的汽车弄坏了。
但是,若与 would 连用,其后通常要接不定式。如:
I would hate to spend Christmas alone. 我不喜欢一个人过圣诞节。
2. hate 用作动词,通常只用作及物动词,所以下面两句中hate后的 it 不可以没有:
He hates it if people call him Fatty. 他讨厌别人叫他胖子。
I hate it when people ask me for money. 我不喜欢别人向我要钱。
有的词典把 hate it when (if) 作为一个固定结构看待。
forgive的用法与搭配:
1. 有时可接双宾语,但若语义明确,通常可省略表示人间接宾语。如:
Please forgive (me) my fault. 请原谅我的过错。
I’ll never forgive you that lie. 我永远不会原谅你撒的那个谎。
2. 表示原谅某人做了某事,英语习惯上不说forgive sb to do sth,而用forgive sb for doing sth或forgive sb’s [sb] doing sth。如:
Please forgive my interrupting. 请原谅我打扰了。
Can you forgive me for forgetting your birthday? 你能原谅我忘了你的生日吗?
比较同义句:
They forgave him for being rude.=They forgave his being rude.=They forgave (him) his rudeness. 他们原谅了他的鲁莽。
3. Forgive me, but...是口语中惯用表达,其中的but通常不能换成and。如:
Forgive me, Mr Smith, but I don’t think that is relevant. 对不起,史密斯先生,我并不认为那是相关的。